ABSTRACT
Recent recognition about snake bite envenomation on June, 2017 as neglected tropical disease under categoryA by World Health Organization advocated again its undeniable importance. Present circumstances reasoned to work on a neglected subspecies of Naja naja, i.e., Naja naja karachiensis [N. n. karachensis] has been documented for frequent deaths in Pakistan. In this study median lethal toxic dose [LD50] was determined intraperitoneally in Swiss albino mice and was found to be 2.0microg/g [2.0mg/kg] equal in potency to Naja pallida [red spitting African cobra]. Total protein contents [188+/-0.011microg / 200microg of dry weight] were high enough [94%] to represent an arsenal of proteins. Furthermore, 99mTc was labeled 99.9% with venom and didn't find to alter hemolytic activity of venom in dose dependent manner at 125 microg/ml [p<0.5], 250 microg/ml [p<0.1] and 500 microg/ml [p<0.1] when compared with its crude form. Present work will pave the way for proteomics study in effective production of antidote against specific species of snakes as dare demand of it has been felt since long period of time in Pakistan
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out in zoo animals at Islamabad Zoo, Pakistan to know the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis. An overall prevalence of 3.3% was recorded in zoo animals with 3.6% in Bovidae, 3.2% in Cervidae and 0% in Equidae families. The positive animals included spotted deer [1/3; 95% CI = 0.84, 90.57], Chinkara gazella [1/5; 95% CI = 0.51, 71.64] and Blackbuck gazelle [1/30; 95% CI = 0.08, 17.22], while the negative animals were barking deer [0/4], hog deer [0/24], grey gorals [0/2], urial [0/9], mouflon [0/4], nilgai [0/5] and zebra [0/4]. The results revealed significant association of live weight and number of calving with the positive tuberculin test, with 32% higher chances for females to show a positive test. Results also showed that odds of a positive test were 1.19 times higher when animal number was less than 10. The results of haematological parameters showed significant differences in total erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, total leukocyte counts, eosinophil and basophil percentages between positive and negative animals
Subject(s)
Animals , Prevalence , Animals, Zoo , Tuberculosis , Tuberculin TestABSTRACT
To study the frequency of acute myocardial infarction [AMI] and its types in patients admitted in CCU of Divisional Headquarter Hospital [DHQ], Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology [FIC] Faisalabad and to investigate associated risk factors. It was an observational hospital based study conducted at Cardiac Care Centre, DHQ Hospital Faisalabad and FIC from 30th March 2009 to 30th June 2009. One hundred patients were included in the study at both centers. A Performa was filled with tabulated questions and information was recorded. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 13. It revealed statistically significant difference by patient's age and sex. AMI was higher in males [CI = 75 - 91%] than females [CI = 9 - 25%]. Types of infarction including inferior and anteroseptal were observed in significantly higher number of patients, while extensive anterior, non-STEMI and lateral infarction was observed in significantly less number of patients. Results showed significant association [P<0.05] of fat sources in diet with types of AMI. Hypertension [CI = 36-56], smoking [CI = 30-50], family history of IHD [CI = 26-45] were stronger risk factors than others and 19% patients admitted with AMI had Diabetes Mellitus. AMI was significantly higher in patients between 40 and 50 years of age. Age and sex and fat sources in the diet showed significant association with AMI, while family history of IHD, hypertension and smoking were other stronger risk factors
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Hypokalemia/etiology , Hypertension/etiology , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
To compare some epidemiological and other parameters between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects admitted with STEMI. Two hundred and forty patients were included in the study, 76 [32%] were diabetic, and 164 [68%] were non-diabetic. Among diabetic patients 11/76 were newly diagnosed. The male to female ratio in diabetic was 1.5:1 [P=0.02], while in non-diabetic it was 5.8:1 [P=0.001]. At age 55-64 years, STEMI was observed in higher [P=0.001] percentage of diabetic than non-diabetic patients. 82% of the patients reached the hospital within six hours of chest pain. 52.5% of patients were smokers, 40% had long-standing dyslipidaemia, 32.5% were obese, 32% were diabetic and 29% had hypertension. Significant [P = 0.000003] percentage of non-diabetic patients were smokers, while of diabetic patients [P = 0.03] were obese. Dyslipidaemia was the stronger risk factor among diabetics, while it ranked number three in non-diabetic patients. The lateral infarction was more common [P =0.01] in diabetics. Anterior and inferior infarction was more common than inferior + right ventricular and lateral infarction in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Trop-T level was low in 46% and high in 54% of diabetic patients, while it was negative in 10%, detectable in 3%, low in 39% and high in 48% of non-diabetic patients. The mean level of various enzymes did not show statistical difference between diabetic and non-diabetics including CK [2008 +/- 785; 1045 +/- 356], CK-MB [211 +/- 75; 157 +/- 23] and Trop-T [1.85 +/- 0.28; 1.77 +/- 0.21]. Irrespective of diabetic status, the mean stay of patients in the hospital was 5.99 +/- 1.04 days. Smoking, dyslipidaemia and obesity are strong risk factor for STEMI. Infarction of anterior site is more frequent. Among diabetics, chances of STEMI are almost equal in male and female, while among non-diabetics it is six male to one female